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What are the short-term effects of crack cocaine? Crack causes a short-lived, intense high that is immediately followed by the opposite—intense depression, edginess and a craving for more of the drug. People who use it often don’t eat or sleep properly. They can experience greatly increased heart rate, muscle spasms and convulsions. The drug can make people feel paranoid, angry, hostile and anxious—even when they aren’t high. Regardless of how much of the drug is used or how frequently, crack cocaine increases the risk that the user will experience a heart attack, stroke, seizure or respiratory (breathing) failure, any of which can result in sudden death.

Smoking crack further presents a series of health risks. Crack is often mixed with other substances that create toxic fumes when burned. As crack smoke does not remain potent for long, crack pipes are generally very short. This often causes cracked and blistered lips, known as “crack lip,” from users having a very hot pipe pressed against their lips. “The only thing on my mind was crack cocaine. And if somebody offers you any of it, you’ll jump at it and take it. It’s like offering a starving man a loaf of bread if he walks for miles.

“Things came to a head for me when I’d been smoking constantly for a couple of weeks. One day I just decided I’d had enough—I couldn’t live like this anymore. And I tried to commit suicide.

“I’m going to have to try and fight.I hope my survival instincts kick in.” —John What are the long-term effects of crack cocaine? In addition to the usual risks associated with cocaine use, crack users may experience severe respiratory problems, including coughing, shortness of breath, lung damage and bleeding. Long-term effects from use of crack cocaine include severe damage to the heart, liver and kidneys. Users are more likely to have infectious diseases.

Continued daily use causes sleep deprivation and loss of appetite, resulting in malnutrition. Smoking crack cocaine also can cause aggressive and paranoid behavior.

As crack cocaine interferes with the way the brain processes chemicals, one needs more and more of the drug just to feel “normal.” Those who become addicted to crack cocaine (as with most other drugs) lose interest in other areas of life. (Photo credit: courtesy infoImagination.org) Coming down from the drug causes severe depression, which becomes deeper and deeper after each use. This can get so severe that a person will do almost anything to get the drug—even commit murder. And if he or she can’t get crack cocaine, the depression can get so intense it can drive the addict to suicide. “I retired as a successful corporate exec who had put two daughters through college and had earned my retirement. My retirement party was, however, the beginning of five years of hell. That was when I was introduced to crack cocaine for the first time.

Over the next five years, I would lose my home, my wife, all my financial resources, my health and almost my life. I also spent two years in prison.” —William PHYSICAL & MENTAL EFFECTS SHORT-TERM EFFECTS Because it is smoked, the effects of crack cocaine are more immediate and more intense than that of powdered cocaine.

Common or street names: coke, C, blow, snow, flake; the base form of cocaine is called freebase or crack What is Cocaine? Cocaine (C 17H 21NO 4) is a powerfully addictive, psychoactive, stimulant drug. On the street it is usually sold as a fine, white powder.

The powdered, hydrochloride salt form of cocaine can be snorted or dissolved in water and injected. Freebase, or crack is cocaine hydrochloride that is processed with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda solution) and heated to remove the hydrochloride salt. This ‘freebase’ form of cocaine is not water-soluble; it comes in a rock crystal that can be heated and its vapors smoked.

Crack may be processed with a high percentage of impurities. The term 'crack' refers to the crackling sound heard when it is heated prior to smoking. Cocaine use in the U.S. Is illegal when used as recreational drug. Cocaine is classified as a Schedule II drug, meaning it has a high potential for abuse but can be administered by a physician for legitimate medical uses. By prescription, it is available in the U.S.

As a solution for local mucosal anesthesia, but is infrequently used due to safer alternatives, such as lidocaine or benzocaine. 1 Cocaine originates from coca leaves, and has been used for centuries in a variety of cultural applications. Pure cocaine is extracted from the Erythroxylon coca bush, found primarily in the South American countries of Peru, Bolivia, and Columbia. Coca-leaf infusions or teas have been used to combat altitude sickness and boost energy in many native tribes of South America. 1 Methods of Cocaine Abuse Cocaine is most commonly abused by snorting, smoking or injecting the drug. It can also be rubbed onto mucous membranes. Cocaine hydrochloride (HCL) is water soluble due to the HCL salt and can be injected; it is also snorted in powder form.

Cocaine hydrochloride, when purchased on the street, is usually ‘cut’ with adulterants such as baking soda, talcum powder, lactose sugar, or other local anesthetics such as lidocaine or benzocaine. This increases the weight of the cocaine and allows the seller to make more profit on the street. Other more dangerous adulterants, such as methamphentamine, may also be used to cut cocaine. When cocaine is snorted, the drug is usually laid out on a mirror, plate or other flat surface, separated into ‘lines’ and snorted nasally through a straw, rolled-up dollar bill or other inhaling device. The cocaine is absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal tissues. The effect, or ‘high’ with snorting may last 15 to 30 minutes, but does not occur as quickly as smoking or injecting it. Alternatively, smoking crack or injecting cocaine may have a rapid and more intense effect, but the ‘high’ only lasts 5 to 10 minutes.

Cocaine is often repeatedly used in short periods of time to sustain the high, an action called ‘binging’. 1,2 Effects of Cocaine Use Cocaine’s effect is described as euphoric with increased energy, reduced fatigue, and heightened mental altertness. Users may be talkative, extraverted, and have a loss of appetite or need for sleep. Cocaine’s psychoactive, pleasurable effects are short-lived without continued administration. 1 Cocaine’s effect occurs in the midbrain region called the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Neuronal fibers from the VTA connect to the nucleus accumbens, an area of the brain responsible for rewards. Animals studies show that levels of a brain chemical (neurotransmitter) known as dopamine are increased in this area during rewards.

Normally, dopamine is released and recycled in response to these rewards. The use of cocaine can interfere with this process, allowing dopamine to accumulate and send an amplified ‘reward’ signal to the brain, resulting in the euphoria described by users. 1 Some users of cocaine report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. A tolerance to the high may develop - many addicts report that they seek but fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first exposure. Some users will increase their doses to intensify and prolong the euphoric effects.

While tolerance to the high can occur, users can also become more sensitive to cocaine's anesthetic and convulsant effects without increasing the dose taken. This increased sensitivity may explain some deaths occurring after apparently low doses of cocaine. Use of cocaine in a binge, during which the drug is taken repeatedly and at increasingly high doses, may lead to a state of increasing irritability, restlessness, and paranoia. This can result in a period of paranoid psychosis, in which the user loses touch with reality and experiences auditory hallucinations. 1,2 Metabolism of Cocaine Cocaine is metabolized primarily in the liver, with less than one percent of the parent drug being excreted in the urine. The primary metabolite is benzoylecgonine and is detectable in the urine for up to eight days after cocaine consumption. Health Hazards Due to Cocaine Use The immediate physical effects of cocaine use include constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils, and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Health complications associated with cocaine use include disturbances in heart rhythm and heart attacks, chest pain and respiratory failure, strokes, seizures and headaches, and gastrointestinal complications such as abdominal pain and nausea. 1,2 The various means of using cocaine can produce different adverse reactions. Snorting cocaine can lead to loss of the sense of smell, nosebleeds, problems with swallowing, hoarseness, and a chronically runny nose. Ingesting cocaine can cause severe bowel gangrene due to reduced blood flow. People who inject cocaine can experience severe allergic reactions and, as with all injecting drug users, are at increased risk for contracting HIV, viral hepatitis and other blood-borne diseases.

Cocaine abuse can lead to acute cardiovascular or cerebrovascular emergencies, such as a heart attack or stroke, which may result in sudden death. Cocaine-related deaths are often a result of cardiac arrest or seizure followed by respiratory arrest.

1,2 A particularly concerning, yet often unknown interaction between alcohol and cocaine has been reported. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has found that the human liver combines cocaine and alcohol and manufactures a third substance, cocaethylene, that intensifies cocaine's euphoric effects but may increase the risk of sudden death. According to the NIDA, this drug-drug interaction, between cocaine and alcohol, is the most common two-drug combination that results in drug-related deaths. 1,2 Cocaine is a strongly addictive drug.

Long-term effects of cocaine use can lead to tolerance, meaning high doses and/or more frequent use is needed to attain the same level of pleasure during the initial period of use. Because cocaine has a tendency to decrease appetite, many chronic users can become malnourished. If cocaine is used in a binge fashion, with frequent, repeated use over a short period of time, panic and paranoia may set in, with psychosis and auditory hallucinations possible. 1 Extent of Cocaine/Crack Abuse The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) estimates that in 2010 there were 1.5 million cocaine users aged 12 or older, roughly 0.6 percent of the U.S. These estimates were similar to the number and rate in 2009 (1.6 million or 0.7 percent), but were lower than the estimates in 2006 (2.4 million or 1.0 percent). 3 The annual number of cocaine initiates (first time using cocaine) declined from 1.0 million in 2002 to 637,000 in 2010. The number of initiates of crack declined during this period from 337,000 to 83,000.

For adults 26 years of age or older, 0.5 percent were estimated as being current users of cocaine in the past year. The average age at first use was for cocaine was 21.2 years old. 3 Use of any illicit drug, but especially drugs such as cocaine, are of great concern with youth.

According to the 2010 Monitoring the Future Survey, a national drug use survey of 8th-, 10th- and 12th-graders in the U.S., the use of cocaine continues to decline compared to previous years. In 2010, 12th-grade use was at 2.9 percent, a decline from 3.4 percent in 2009. Crack use held steady in 2010 compared to 2009, with 1.4 and 1.3 percent, respectively, of high school seniors reporting past year use of crack.4 According to the NSDUH, 2 out of every 1000 (0.2 percent) youth age 12 to 17 were current users of cocaine.

For young adults aged 18 to 25, the current use of cocaine was estimated at 1.5 percent, or 1.5 out of every 100 young adults. 3 Cocaine Use in Pregnancy The full extent of cocaine effects on the unborn or newborn child are not fully known. Studies have shown that infants born to women who use cocaine during pregnancy may be delivered prematurely, have low birth rates, and may be shorter in length. Women who abuse cocaine may have other addictive habits, such as nicotine and alcohol use. The amount of prenatal care, exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, and socioeconomic factors may also affect infant outcomes. Research is finding that exposure to cocaine in utero may also lead to deficits in cognitive abilities, information processing, and ability to complete tasks in childhood. 1 Treatment Options for Cocaine Abusers and Addiction The extensive abuse of cocaine has lead to efforts to develop treatment programs for this type of drug abuse.

The majority of abusers seeking treatment programs are smoke crack, and are likely to be polydrug abusers. Strategies are needed to address the neurobiologial, social and medical aspects of cocaine addiction. Behavioral and pharmacologic strategies are required. As of December 2011, there were no FDA-approved medications to treat cocaine addiction. One of the National Institute on Drug Abuse's top research priorities is to find a medication to block or greatly reduce the effects of cocaine, to be used as one part of a comprehensive treatment program. The National Institute on Drug Abuse funded researchers are also looking at medications that help alleviate the severe craving that people in treatment for cocaine addiction often experience. Several medications are currently being investigated for their safety and efficacy in treating cocaine addiction.,,, and show promise in controlled clinical trials.

Additionally, in 2011, treatments that target dopamine D3 receptors were being researched for safety in humans. In addition to treatment medications, behavioral interventions - particularly cognitive behavioral therapy - can be effective in decreasing drug use by patients in treatment for cocaine abuse. Maa Tv Daily Serials Timings on this page. Providing the optimal combination of treatment and services for each individual is critical to successful outcomes. 1,2 Related: •. Sources • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Research Report Series.

Cocaine: Abuse and Additiction. • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).

Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Office of Applied Studies. Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. • Monitoring the Future. National Results on Adolescent Drug Use.

Overview of Key Findings 2010.